Joseph Marie Jacquard and the Jacquard Loom

Joseph Marie Jacquard and the Jacquard Loom A great many people presumably don’t consider weaving looms as a harbinger of PCs. In any case, on account of French silk weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard, improvements to computerized weaving helped lead to the development of PC punch cards and the approach of information preparing. Jacquards Early Life Joseph Marie Jacquard was conceived in Lyon, France on the July seventh, 1752 to an ace weaver and his significant other. At the point when Jacquard was 10 years of age, his dad passed on, and the kid acquired two weaving machines, different property. He started a new business for himself and wedded a lady of certain methods. In any case, his business fizzled and Jacquard had to turn into a limeburner at Bresse, while his better half upheld herself at Lyon by plaiting straw.â In 1793, with the French Revolution well in progress, Jacquard participated in the ineffective protection of Lyon against the soldiers of the Convention. A while later, he served in their positions on the Rhã ³ne and Loire. In the wake of seeing some dynamic help, where his young child was taken shots down next to him, Jacquard again came back to Lyon.â The Jacquard Loom Back in Lyon, Jacquard was utilized in a production line and utilized his extra time in building his improved loom. In 1801, he displayed his innovation at the mechanical show at Paris, and in 1803 he was brought to Paris to work for the Conservatoire des Arts et Mã ©tiers. A loom by Jacques de Vaucanson (1709-1782), saved there, proposed different enhancements in his own, which he step by step culminated to its last state. Joseph Marie Jacquards creation was a connection that sat on a loom. A progression of cards with openings punched in them would turn through the gadget. Each gap in the card compared with a particular snare on the loom, which filled in as an order to raise or lower the snare. The situation of the snare directed the example of raised and brought down strings, permitting materials to rehash complex examples with incredible speed and exactness. Discussion and Legacy The innovation was furiously restricted by the silk-weavers, who expected that its presentation, attributable to the sparing of work, would deny them of their vocation. Nonetheless, the loomsâ advantages made sure about its general selection, and by 1812 there were 11,000 weaving machines use in France. The loom was proclaimed open property in 1806, and Jacquard was compensated with a benefits and an eminence on each machine.â Joseph Marie Jacquard passed on at Oullins (Rhã ³ne) on the seventh of August 1834, and after six years a sculpture was raised in his honorâ at Lyon.

The Psychosocial Needs of Cancer Patients free essay sample

Malignant growth is an illness with no respect for age, sexual orientation, or ethnicity. In 2013 almost 1,600 individuals every day passed on from malignancy; and â€Å"cancer remains the second most regular reason for death in the US† (ACS, 2013). There are twenty three malignant growth types right now recognized. Nonetheless, numerous individuals despite everything don't comprehend what a conclusion of malignant growth implies, how disease advances, or the basic intricacies with malignant growth. All significant data that must be tended to before picking a treatment choice, examining treatment symptoms, and recognizing the emotionally supportive networks an individual will require while getting treatment. In spite of advances in treatment and care the open keeps on having a lot of tension and dread when determined to have malignant growth. Halfway in light of the fact that individuals don't comprehend what having malignant growth implies. Each living life form is comprised of cells. These cells partition at a controlled rate with a particular capacity and duplicate to supplant harmed cells. While malignant growth cells develop and duplicate with no control, decimating solid cells in its’ way, and eventually attacking pieces of the body repressing its’ work. Scholars have marked disease cells as any attacking cell that can control multiplication and separation. Multiplication is the lifecycle of typical cells, to incorporate recovery of new cells as cells kick the bucket. One of the phenomenon’s of typical multiplication is that the cells stay in their region and don't hinder cell development to encompassing cell layers (Lewis, 2007). Separation is the point at which an undifferentiated cell is coded to play out a particular capacity and under typical conditions these cells can't change their capacity. In any case, malignant growth can adjust these normally happening forms. Disease starts are a change in reproducing DNA, either by hereditary qualities or a substance, radiation, or viral introduction. The changed DNA at that point begins expansion and create transformed cells; be that as it may, these cells don't remain inside the limits of its starting cell region like sound cells. At this stage the disease cells have not interfered with ordinary substantial capacities and there are no clinical signs of malignant growth. Be that as it may, as the malignancy advances it can shape tumors, attack tissues and organs, and in the long run goes to different organs in the body. With a more noteworthy comprehension of what malignant growth is, when do clinical signs and an analysis of disease happen? As any sickness spreads through the body it is known as organizing, as an infection spreads it ascends in stage; subsequently the higher the number the more noteworthy measure of malignant growth attacking an individual. Malignant growth has five phases and organizing is practiced during the demonstrative workup stage which empowers doctors to give the proper treatment plan. Demonstrative instruments used to organize malignancy incorporate blood work, MRI, CT examine, PET sweep, ultrasound, and biopsy of the influenced cells. Stage zero is known as disease in situ, this is the point at which the malignant growth is still new and stays in the beginning tissue. Stage one demonstrates a tumor has grown, however it is restricted in the first tissue, has not influenced the lymph hubs, and has not spread to any encompassing tissues. Stages zero and one have the best treatment results (ASCO, 2013). Stage two shows the disease tumor is bigger, the cells have spread to the encompassing tissues to incorporate the lymph hubs. Stage three is fundamentally the same as stage two, be that as it may, the size of the tumor and attack of encompassing tissues is a lot bigger. While stage four happens when the malignant growth has spread to numerous territories of the body and is viewed as cutting edge or metastatic disease. At the point when disease has metastasized it implies the malignant growth has made a trip to another organ of the body it doesn't neighbor, for example, from the colon to the liver or the pancreas to the cerebrum. As malignant growth spreads it influences numerous body frameworks, this alongside treatment can cause a few complexities. The most widely recognized difficulties incorporate torment, weariness, and queasiness. Be that as it may, as malignant growth advances it can push on close by nerves bringing about agony and loss of capacity to parts of the body. Should the malignancy include the cerebrum this kind of nerve cooperation can cause extreme migraines and stroke like manifestations (Mayo Clinic, 2014). A few customers may create paraneoplastic disorder, this is the point at which the body’s own insusceptible framework responds to the disease and starts to assault sound cells. This paraneoplastic condition can introduce itself in various indications to incorporate trouble strolling and seizures. At last disease can influence the concoction balance in the body. Which can present as over the top thirst, visit pee, clogging and dementia. A finding of disease doesn't just influence the starting tissues as it develops and during treatment it can influence the individual all in all. Disease is dealt with contrastingly relying upon what specialists have seen as best for the given sort of malignant growth. Basic medications incorporate chemotherapy, radiation, bone marrow transplant, medical procedure, immunotherapy, and target treatment. Every one of these treatments has inconveniences that must be considered preceding treatment. Chemotherapy is the utilization of prescriptions to wreck or stop the development of malignant growth cells (ACS, 2014). Chemotherapy is utilized to pulverize caner, contract tumors for careful evacuation, improve the malignant growth executing impacts of radiation, and palliative consideration. Since chemotherapy influences the quickly isolating cells it likewise impacts solid cells. Regular symptoms incorporate iron deficiency because of absence of RBC’s, draining clutters because of an absence of platelets, male pattern baldness, GI upset, organ harm, and a high hazard for auxiliary disease identified with an absence of WBC’s. Radiation is the utilization of solid x-beams to execute malignant growth cells explicitly at the tumor area (ACS, 2014). By overseeing radiation to the tumor you can murder the quickly isolating cells without harming cells all through the body. Truly, the treatment will slaughter sound cells in the treatment territory, anyway solid cells are more arranged to fix themselves than disease cells. Reactions may vary contingent upon the influenced territory, anyway normal symptoms incorporate radiation dermatitis, exhaustion, and a diminished blood check. Bone marrow transplants (BMT) supplant unhealthy cells with noncancerous immature microorganisms that can develop into sound new cells. BMT is possibly utilized whenever the odds of a fix with chemotherapy alone is low (ACS, 2014). Regular symptoms of BMT are iron deficiency, thrombocytopenia, mucositis, auxiliary contamination, and unite versus have illness. Medical procedure is the system of truly expelling malignant tumors from the body. Careful intercession is incredibly affected by the size, area, type, and degree of the malignant growth. Essential complexities incorporate obstruction, migraines, queasiness, and agony. Immunotherapy is utilizing the body’s own safe framework to battle the disease. During this treatment patients are given organic reaction modifiers which normally improve the body’s capacity to battle malignant growth. Basic reactions are run of the mill influenza like manifestations. At last objective treatment is the most up to date way to deal with battling malignant growth. This treatment utilizes prescriptions to stop significant jobs in malignant growth development like blocking blood gracefully, meddling with disease cell replication, and halting the communication with sound cells (ACS, 2014). Symptoms are ordinarily milder than chemotherapy, yet incorporate hypersensitive responses. With this numerous treatment alternatives it is essential to show restraint during the analytic stage and genuinely consider treatment choices before bouncing into treatment. At last mental help during malignancy treatment is fundamental to keep up an inspirational demeanor towards treatment and support a high caliber of life. There are a few apprehensions that accompany a finding of disease to incorporate deformation, disturbance of connections, torment, money related exhaustion, deserting, and passing. Having a solid emotionally supportive network will help patients as they adapt to the numerous feelings of dread they will experience all through treatment. Fortunately nurture assume a significant job in patient and family instruction with regards to a solid emotionally supportive network; also nurture themselves are a patient asset for help. Remind families that it is imperative to be accessible and to keep on being accessible for the individual particularly during the troublesome occasions. Be mindful, tune in to their feelings of trepidation and concerns, and offer help to their pain at whatever point conceivable. Keep up a relationship dependent on trust and certainty this will make it simpler to give fundamental data in regards to their disease and treatment. Help the individual in arriving at their present moment and long haul objectives, just as keeping up their present way of life. At last consistently look after expectation; expectation can calm torment, give inspiration, and offer genuine feelings of serenity. As attendants and relatives there are a few survivor assets accessible including the Cancer Survivorship Network, Life After Cancer Care, Live Strong Survivor Care, and the American Cancer Society. Similarly as with any malady counteraction is the best medication. Teaching people in general on the notice signs, early recognition, and avoidance are the keys to disease endurance. Forestalling malignancy can be cultivated by restricting liquor utilization, work out, having an ordinary body weight, evading tobacco, utilizing sunscreen, and eating a solid eating regimen. The seven admonition signs to malignant growth can be explained as CAUTION: Changes in gut or bladder, An irritated that doesn't mend, Unusual draining or release, Thickening skin or a protuberance, Indigestion or trouble gulping, Obvious changes in a mole, and Nagging hack or roughness (Lewis, p282). These basic admonition signs warrant a quick visit to a doctor. At last early recognition is significant in discovering malignant growth during its’ beginning periods with the utilization of mammograms, colorectal screenings, blood testing, and routine physical assessments. With present day innovation and the assets accessible state funded training about malignant growth has been on the ascent and early discovery has fol

Reimagining the Reading Life An Interview with Lauren Leto

Reimagining the Reading Life An Interview with Lauren Leto It was a happy day when Lauren Letos Judging a Book By its Lover landed on my doorstep last month. A collection of essays about  books,  publishing, and the  reading life, Judging a Book By its Lover covers everything from Harry Potter fandom to how to fake like youve read Very Important Novels. Its a funny, thought-provoking, delightfully unpretentious look at why we read and how we talk about  books, and Im thrilled to have been able to ask Leto a few questions about the book and her own  reading life. _________________________ Rebecca Joines Schinsky: You say early on, “If we get too comfortable in our reading choicestoo lazywe’re giving something up.” What do you do when you want to shake up your reading life? Lauren Leto: I like to read through The Paris Review interviews and blindly purchase any name an author mentions who I haven’t read. That led me recently to P.G. Wodehouse through Nicholson Baker’s interview The Art of Fiction No. 212. It’s a great method you like Author A, Author A loves Author B give it a shot. I’ve been on a kick where I won’t read more than one book by any author lately. I used to go up and down an author’s oeuvre, gorging myself on that one person. Now I’m trying to put some space between an author’s works, I’d rather be exposed to more authors than read everything by one author. RJS: The book includes helpful (and often hilarious) tips for meeting, wooing, and dating readers. Ever dated someone who didn’t read? LL: Yes. I’ve often dated non-readers. I’ve often broken up with non-readers. There’s a pattern, I’ve finally figured out. I need someone who understands why my reading light is still on. However I’m dating a fantasy fan, which I thought was even less likely than dating a non-reader. He’s converted me into a rabid fangirl of The Dark Tower series. I’m pretty happy we met mostly because of those books. RJS: You devote a section of the book to open letters you’ve written to fans of various authors. What author has the coolest fans? The most insufferable? LL: Most insufferable: Ayn Rand. Hands down. Truthfully, I loved The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged when I read them in high school. Great stories, I thought Dagny Taggert was amazing. But growing up your opinion changes as you more closely think about the messages and when you meet people like Paul Ryan who take it too far. Coolest: I’ve never met a William Gibson fan I didn’t like. RJS: The section called “How to Write Like Any Author” boils writers down to their essential elements. Who didn’t you include in the section that you wish you could add? (I must confess, I was sad not to see John Irving thereParent dies, sexual hang-ups, bears, Vienna, wrestling, Dickensian attempts. Too easy?) LL: Ah! I didn’t think of him. That’s great. Houellebecq: Brooding, middle-aged, not-great-looking male lead. Sick or absent father and mothers. Mostly meaningless relationships with females. Driving around Paris in a nice car. RJS: While pondering the fates of kids who love The Velveteen Rabbit, you posit that “if they went to Hogwarts, they’d get placed in Hufflepuff.” Where would the Sorting Hat place you? LL: Slytherin. I’d love to go to Gryffindor, but I’m an asshole and the Hat would know it. Or I’d be placed in Ravenclaw and condemned to be a background character. I felt so bad for the kids at Hogwarts whose biggest dream was to make it on their Quidditch team while Harry was saving the world. RJS: Who is your favorite author, and what’s your one-sentence stereotype of people who love him or her? LL: Fyodor Dostoevsky. In the book I categorize Dostoevsky fans as “Guys I want to sleep with.” If I had to characterize all fans of him in my image, I’d go with “overeating, anxiety-prone holders of obscure degrees.” RJS: You wrap details of online drama and Twitter tempests-in-teacups into a few of the essays. What authors have the best and worst Twitter feeds? Who’s an author you wish was on Twitter? LL: Oh! I followed closely the ‘Emma Straub is too nice’ feud and have to say that she is delightful on Twitter. Bret Easton Ellis is a trainwreck (‘tweetwreck’?). Gary Shytengart is so-so, more weird than funny or interesting. Zadie Smith would be great at Twitter. I feel like she’d be insightful, funny, good links. I want to know more about what goes on in her head daily. RJS: Coolest thing happening in literary culture right now? LL: Self-publishing. The ‘bookstore’ in the next decade will be radically innovated. It’ll be an open platform, people will move faster from obscurity to popularity (and vice-versa). Publishing and books aren’t dying, they’re being reimagined. RJS: What’s your take on the current debate about who the ‘real’ critics are and what makes a book review? LL: I love book reviews, the form you find in the Times Book Review. It’s the only section of the paper I reliably read every weekend. Naomi Wolf’s book Vagina: A New Biography was skewered in a review by Toni Bentley and I became a bit annoyed that the book got such a large spread (front page plus two pages). If it was bad, why not just leave it out of the Review. As a selfish person, I want to only hear about the good books. The silence is damning enough to bad books. But, it’s important we hear it. It’s nice to see less than glowing reviews, I find outlining deficiencies teaches more about what makes a good book than highlighting the high points. RJS: Finally, what other books about books and the reading life do you recommend? LL: Books about books! My favorite genre. I love Jonathan Franzen’s book of essays How to Be Alone particularly the edited version of his Harper’s essay Perchance to Dream, renamed in the book to Why Bother? His ideas of social isolationists resonated with me. Finally a term to describe why I like to sit alone with a story other than ‘introvert’. I work at a social reading startup called Findings. When I started, I read The Case for Books by Robert Darnton insightful for anyone thinking hard about the industry’s future. Lauren Leto Lauren Leto dropped out of law school to start the popular humor blog “Texts from Last Night.” She co-authored the book  Texts from Last Night: All the Texts No One Remembers Sending. She created the website Banters and is now working on a new site, Findings. She lives in Brooklyn. Judging a Book By its Lover is available now from Harper Perennial. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Treatment Of Schizophreni Treatment For Schizophrenia Essay

TREATMENT FOR SCHIZOPHRENIA Schizophrenia currently has no cure, but there are various treatments that can be utilized to manage its symptoms. The first step to adequately treating a schizophrenic patient is a correct diagnosis; inclusively Tsuang, Glatt, and Faraone (2011) suggest that, â€Å"Differential diagnoses are crucial in the treatment of patients with schizophrenia to rule out other conditions† (p. 13). After a conclusive diagnosis, treatment options are discussed and â€Å"neuroleptics are usually first choice for treatment† (Tsuang et al., 2011, p. 94). Neuroleptics or antipsychotics are known to, â€Å"block dopamine D2 receptors, and this is believed to be crucial to their antipsychotic action† (McKenna Mortimer, 2010, p. 33). Antipsychotics are labeled under two categories, â€Å"Typical† or â€Å"First- generation antipsychotics† (FGAs) and â€Å"Atypical† or â€Å"Second- generation antipsychotics† (SGAs). According to Marin, Escobar, and World Scientific (2013), â€Å"The selection of an antipsychotic for the initial treatment of schizophrenia is essentially a trade- off between the risk for metabolic side effects†¦ and the risk for motor adverse effects† (p. 87) On one hand, the â€Å"most common side effect is extrapyramidal† (Tsuang et al., 2011, p. 91) for typical antipsychotics. Whereas atypical antipsychotics, according to Tsuang (2011), are known to have metabolic side effects like weight gain or a much more serious side effect called â€Å"agranulocytosis, which i ncreases susceptibility toShow MoreRelatedTreatment Options For Schizophreni Symptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1479 Words   |  6 PagesTreatment Through time, scientists and doctors have created various treatment options for schizophrenia based off scientific theories in their time. At one point physicians would perform brain surgery to remove a portion of brain from an individual suffering with schizophrenia that was responsible for the hallucinations and delusions the individual would experience. Although the surgery might have decreased the amount of hallucinations and delusions experienced by the individual, it led to cognitive

Essay on Body Temp and Reaction Time - 1848 Words

Can Your Body Tell the Time of Day? (NOTE: If you have thought of a statistics project that you would prefer to tackle instead of the one described below, contact me. I’ll try to make an equivalent project using your particular topic of interest.) Objective: You will measure how body temperature and reaction time vary throughout the course of a day, as well as related questions. In particular, you must address each of the questions below. ï‚ · Question 1: At what time of the day is the body temperature highest? When is it lowest? How much difference is there? Are body temperatures between midnight and noon significantly different than body temperatures between noon and midnight? Question 2: At what time of the day does reaction time peak?†¦show more content†¦Introduction: In order to stay healthy and to function efficiently, living things must coordinate their internal processes with the external world. The most obvious feature of our environment that most creatur es have to respond to is the daily cycle of light and dark. Biological processes that follow this 24-hour cycle, such as our sleep-wake cycle, are said to follow a circadian rhythm. One of the best-known circadian rhythms in humans is the daily change in body temperature. We tend to be at our coolest in the early morning and at our warmest in the late afternoon and early evening. Other circadian rhythms include hormone levels, alertness, muscle strength, and heart rate. The controlling regulator for these cyclic processes within the body is thought to be the hypothalamus, which is in the brain. Figure 1. Overview of circadian cycles in humans. This diagram depicts some of the circadian patterns that occur in humans. Note that the clock is on a 24-hour cycle, so that 3:30 p.m., for example, is noted as 15:30. The hormone melatonin, which is a key regulator of the internal circadian clock, peaks in concentration at 21:00 (9:00 p.m.). (Wikipedia, 2008.) Data Collection Requirements: You need to collect both measurements of temperature and reaction time throughout the day. Variables of interest must include (but are not limited to): age of participant, gender of participant, time of day measurement isShow MoreRelatedMetabolism : A Machine Fueled By Activity And Temp1287 Words   |  6 PagesActivity and Temp. Introduction What is metabolism? Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. The Major point of this experiment was to see how and if the chemical processes of metabolism could impact body temperature. However first it must be explained what body temperature is actually measuring. When we measure body temp. We are actually measuring the body’s ability to make and give off heat. 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Body temperature as well as circadian rhythms in humans is controlled by the hypothalamus, a small region of the brain that forms part of the autonomic nervous system. The hypothalamusRead Moreenzymes1044 Words   |  5 PagesIndependent Variable pH Controlled Variables temperature, amount of substrate (sucrose) present, sucrase + sucrose incubation time Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Dependent Variable amount of product (glucose and fructose) produced Independent Variable temperature Controlled Variables pH, amount of substrate (sucrose) present, sucrase + sucrose incubation time Effect of Substrate Concentration on Enzyme Activity Dependent Variable amount of product (glucose and fructose) produced Read MoreThe Establishment of a Chemical Equation Using the Method of Continuous Variation.1627 Words   |  7 Pagesused per mole of acid. 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(6 points) a.corn syrup (1 point) b.table sugar (1 point) c.unknown 1 (1 point) d.unknown 2 (1 point) e.unknown 3 (1 point) f.unknown 4 (1 point) 3.List whether each of the following substances was positive or negative for starch,Read MoreElisa: Immune System and Serum D= Donor Essay665 Words   |  3 Pagesprotein or substance in these bodily fluids, such as infectious agents, allergens, hormones or drugs. This test relies on the interaction between components of the immune system called antigens and antibodies. Antibodies are proteins produced by the body to identify and neutralize any foreign substances that may be encountered, such as viruses and bacteria. The substances to which antibodies are produced are known as the antigens as they stimulate an immune response. If antibodies are being detectedRead MoreThe Effect Of Different Temperatures On The Reaction Rates Of Enzymes2033 Words   |  9 PagesTemperatures on the Reaction Rates of Enzymes B. Introduction / Background Enzymes are proteins that are in every living organism. Cells need them to survive and to function. Enzymes are catalysts that help to speed up the rate of reactions that otherwise would take longer periods of time to occur. However they do not change during the reaction. A chain of amino acids forms them. There are over a hundred different enzymes in the human body. Each enzyme is responsible for a certain reaction that occursRead MoreInvestigating The Relationship Between Temperature And The Rate Of Lipase1933 Words   |  8 Pagesto find the temperature at which the lipase will be denatured. Introduction: Enzymes are proteins that act as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of chemical reaction but is not consumed or changed by the reaction. A catalyst reduces the activation energy needed to initiate and sustain the reaction. 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Mental Illness Free Essays

The social construction of mental illness Key Words * Career: The gradual change in people as a response to a label e. g. mental patient. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Illness or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Learned Helplessness: learning how to be dependent. * Life-course model: suggests that the accumulation of social events experienced over a whole lifetime, not just individual important events, influence people and their mental state. * Presenting culture: a term used by Goffman to refer to how people like to portray themselves to others. * Schizophrenia: a form of mental illness where people are unable to distinguish their own feelings and perceptions from reality. Self-Fulfilling prophecy: predictions about the behaviour of social groups that come true as a result of positive or negative labelling. * Social Capital: refers to a network of social contacts. * Social constructionism: the approach which suggests that mental illness exists because people believe that it does. * Social realism: a sociological approach which suggests that mental illness does really exist. Summary Mental illness is the less fortunate twin to physical illness. The NHS is not funding enough support for me ntal health patients and the attention paid to it is minimal. Mental health is a major problem in society with one in seven people claiming to have had mental health problems at some point in their lives. Social Trends 2007 (Self and Zealey 2007) said that about one in six British people aged 16 to 74 reported experiencing a neurotic disorder in the seven days before a national survey on mental health. When looking at which group is most likely to suffer from high rates of mental illness, the poorest and most excluded are majorly overrepresented. Defining mental illness Social Realism: A general term used to describe the approaches of sociologists who accept that there are distinctive sets of abnormal behaviour that cause distress to individuals and those around them. * Pilgrim and Rogers (1999) accept that, at different times and in different cultures, there are variations in what is considered as mental illness. * Although mental illness may have different names and sometimes not be recognized, it does actually exist as a real condition. * Si milar to the bio-medical approach which believes that symptoms can be scientifically diagnosed and categorized. They see treatment as allopathic (cure orientated through the use of drugs, shock treatment and surgery etc. * They recommend that sufferers be isolated from wider society. Social constructionism: * Have been very influential in sociological approaches to mental illness and start from the argument that what is considered as normal varies over time and from society to society. * Greater extremes of behaviour have been seen as normal in some societies and symptoms of madness in others. Labelling perspective: Labelling theory examines how the labelling of mental illness occurs in the first place and what effects it has on those who are labelled. * Thomas Szasz (1973) argues that the label ‘mental illness’ is simply a convenient way to deal with behaviour that people find disruptive. He is particularly critical of psychiatrists for diagnosing children with ADHD and calling it a disease. He says that giving a child a drug for a mythical disease is a form of physical child abu se because the child has no say in the matter. Labelling theory therefore rests firmly upon a social constructionist definition of mental illness. The effects of labelling * Scheff (1966) said that whether someone becomes labelled or not is determined by the benefits those others might gain by labelling the person ‘mentally ill’. So, those who become a nuisance are far more likely to become diagnosed as mentally ill as someone who causes no problems. * Once labelled, there are a number of negative consequences for the person because it is then assumed that all their behaviour is evidence of their mental state. Erving Goffman (1961) followed the careers of people who were genuinely defined as being mentally ill. He suggested that once in an institution people are stripped of their presenting culture. Criticisms of the labelling perspective * Gove (1982) suggests that the vast majority of people who receive treatment for mental illness actually have serious problems befor e they are treated so the argument that the labels cause the problems is wrong. It may explain the responses of others to the mentally ill, but cannot explain the causes of the illness. Foucault’s perspective on mental illness: * He explains the growth in the concept of mental illness by placing it in the context if the changing ways of thinking and acting which developed in the early 18th century. * During the enlightenment more traditional ways of thinking were gradually replaced by more rational and disciplined ways of thinking. He argues that as rationality developed into the normal way of thinking, irrationality became to be perceived as deviant. * Having mad people in asylums isolated mad people away from the majority of the population. They symbolized the fact that madness or irrationality was marked out as behaviour that is no longer acceptable. Structuralist perspectives on mental illness: * Virde (1977) explained the fact that some ethnic minorities are more likely to develop mental health problems by arguing that the sorts of pressures and stresses that can cause people to develop mental illness are more often experienced by people in an ethnic minority. * Nazroo is critical of this approach. He points out that people of the Bangladeshi origin who are victims of racism have lower levels of mental illness than the general population. He concludes that mental illness cannot just be caused by racism and deprivation. * Brown et al (1995) explained that women are more likely to lead stressful lives because they have the dial burden and triple shift. * Labelling theorists (Chelser 1972), say that women are more likely to be seen as mentally ill because the defining of illness is mainly done by males. * Link and Phelan (1995) reviewed all the evidence and concluded that research pointed out a relationship between low levels of deprivation and mental illness. Social capital (Putnam 2000) argued that people who have extensive and strong levels of social networks are more likely to be ‘happier’ than those who don’t. Check Your Understanding: 1) The two sociological approaches to explaining mental illness are social realist and social constructionist. 2) Social realist bases itself on the idea that there are distinctive sets of abnormal behaviour that should be treated; they are very similar to the bio-medical approach. Social constructionist believes that definitions of mental illness can vary over time and in different cultures. 3) Labelling helps us understand that some people may live up to the label they have been given and can strip mental health patients of any self-dignity as they have no say in what happens to them as they have been given the label of someone who is mad. 4) A structural explanation is closely tied to the social realist definition of mental illness; they accept the reality of mental illness and set out to discover what social factors help cause them. ) Busfield says that it is true that some groups are more likely to find their behaviour defined as mental illness, compared to the behaviour of other groups however al of those groups experience higher levels of stress so mental illness would be higher. 6) They are more likely to show cultural characterises that are not seen as normal in a wider society. 7) They use the idea that women have more responsibilities than men and th at the defining of mental illness tends to be dominated by male health professionals. How to cite Mental Illness, Papers Mental Illness Free Essays Johnson KayLa English 100 M W 9:30-11:00 Mental Illness Essay November 19, 2012 November 26, 2012 Sane or Insane: Who’s to know? Everyone once in their life has either thought as themselves or another as crazy. In today’s day and age people find it fun to be called crazy, that was not the case in the past. People in our past who were demined â€Å"Insane† were sent away, hidden from society’s eyes and subjected to cruelty and unnecessary torture. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Illness or any similar topic only for you Order Now America’s health system has changed dramatically for the good and also it recent cases for the bad for some people. Today healthcare is easy to come by but with so many faults it’s hard to know which ones are good and will do better by the person and their family’s health needs. There are many types of health care, that all offer different things. Have different coverage’s and pay for different things. Asking several different people what they think is wrong with America’s health care system Coming to a list of conclusions of our health system. When asked â€Å"How do you feel about the health care plan you have? † people generally answered its okay, better than none. A generally flat answers right? Well when asked â€Å"What do you think your plan can improve on? † they began to list things like pay for more test pay for more medication that’s needed and the most common answer was to allow them to pick their own doctors and not having to wait months for one appointment. As an eighteen year old college student there was no clue about healthcare and its faults and didn’t know it was so hard to get good healthcare. Also finding out that it may be hard now but it was not as nearly as hard as it was before in America. Treating public illness has long been a process of trial and error guided by public attitudes and medical theory (Kimberly Leupo). This quote makes so much sense because as a society were so concerned about what people will think we just want to get rid of the problem, even if it’s your son with autism or a daughter with down syndrome etc. There has always been those who’s suffered from mental illness, as far back as the Egyptian or even the second millennium before Christ. They were often killed or locked away and that had little change in our history. In early America the colonist refereed to those with mental illness ass â€Å"lunatics† all because they believed a person was crazy when they were born on the night of a full moon or sleeping under the light of a full moon, who’s crazy here? They declared these people possessed by the devil (no exaggerating on their behalf), and were removed and locked away from society. These lunatics were put under 1 of 2 labels which were: Mania and Melancholy. Mania was mental illness marked by periods of great excitement, euphoria, delusions and overactivity. Melancholy was a feeling of pensive sadness, typically with no obvious cause. They believed to cure an individual they had to catalyze crisis or expel crisis from the indiviual. For this they had several procedures including: 1. Submerging patients in ice baths until they lost consciousness 2. Executing a massive shock to the brain 3. Induced and forced vomiting 4. The notorious â€Å"bleeding† practice, The bleeding practice entailed draining the bad blood from the individual, unfortunately this inhumane practice normally resulted in death or the need for lifelong care; at best the odds were one in three that this procedure would actually lead to an improvement in the patient’s health(Kimberly Leupo). The colonial era’s methods of handling the mentally ill and medical procedures are considered arguably barbaric vs. todays means of the treatment of the mentally ill. In that time it worked fine because they were hidden from society’s harsh and judgmental eyes. Around the 19th century the Europeans showed us a new to treat the mentally ill called â€Å"Moral Management. † This was based on that the environment played a vital role in treatment of the mental ill. In this process you had to create a more domestic feel to the patients living conditions, thus, replacing shackles, chains and cement cells with the little things like pictures and a bed. Recover was more likely to occur if they felt more like they were at home. Treatment also went under construction Phrenology was introduced, studying the shape of the brain to explain illnesses and render diagnosis. Also since the patients were no longer restrained all day they became unruly and basically bored so they had to come up activates for them to do to occupy their time. A very important point in the history of how we treat our mentally ill was the civil war. After the Civil War in America a great number of servicemen suffered from postwar trauma; war wounds that were emotionally and mentally ingrained as opposed to physical injuries. These inflicted persons were passed on to state mental hospitals and asylums, where the public displayed much interest in their care and treatment. Although, the public eye watched very closely how their ‘war boys’ were treated, institutions had no choice but to reinstate old procedures due to the serious issue of overcrowding. Restraints and shock therapy were reintroduced, along with new drug treatments such as opium. With that came the need to find more room for mental ill, thus, Asylums began to open up across the country to give those people help. Thomas Story Kirkbride was the designer of asylums at the time, and became well- known for his popular architectural ideas. He took great care and thought in constructing asylums taking in consideration of the patients and workers who would be in the asylums. For example in 1874 â€Å"Athens Asylum for the Insane. † Was open for the public. It was the most attractive asylum in its day built to please the public’s eye but also to withstand the harshest conditions from within. The original 544- room construction had two staggered wings branching out from a central building. The building had an exit and entrance only from the center building and the design was ideal for cross- ventilation and patient control. The design called for the least disturbed patients to be placed closer to the center building to encourage interaction with the staff, and as the patients’ conditions worsened their placement would extend respectively throughout each wing toward the back of the structure. The establishment community housing farms, a dairy barn, greenhouses, a transportation system, graveyards, etc. the patients had much to do while being treated. With the increasing great news of the asylums their population grew in shocking numbers. However some people took advantage of this. It was common for homeless people, tramps and hobos to become ‘patients’ of the asylums seasonally for shelter and food, and then â€Å"elope,† or slip away when the good weather returned. Families would leave the elderly people at these places because of lack of time or resources to â€Å"deal† with them properly. The community found that these institutions were an easy means to remove unwanted people from society. As a result of asylums not having a mean of rejecting patients the people who were truly mentally ill and needed treatment suffered as a result. The now revised and human care of mental patient began to slip back to their old ways because of overcrowding. Now instead of single bedrooms to one’s self patients had to sleep in wooden crib like beds three stacked. Water baths and shock therapy had made an unjust comeback, and now the in the early 1930s the notorious lobotomy was introduced into American medical culture. The original lobotomy is a medical procedure where the neural passages from the front of the brain are surgically separated from those in the back of the brain, the most common result of this procedure was the patient would their depressing or discouraging feelings or tendencies. This was a very delicate and time consuming process it required great skill and training from great surgeons. In result of the great outcome of this great time was invested into this. Walter J. Freeman developed the trans- orbital lobotomy. The procedure was performed as follows: -To induce sedation, inflict two quick shocks to the head. -Roll back one of the patients’ eyelids. -Insert a device, 2/3 the size of a pencil, through the upper eyelid into the patients’ head. -Guided by the markings indicating depth, tap the device with a hammer into the patients’ head/ frontal lobe. -After the appropriate depth is achieved, manipulate the device back and forth in a swiping motion within the patient’s head. This was a much faster and efficient way. In a local newspaper, on November 20, 1953, the headline read â€Å"Lobotomies are performed on 31 Athens State Hospital Patients,† and the article boasted that nearly 25 of those who received surgery would be able to go home with their relatives Sunday. Soon this began to stir up controversy and harsh criticism due to the larger number of deaths and complications. It was soon referred to as â€Å"psychic mercy killing† and â€Å"euthanasia of the mind. † This was by far and no doubt mental health care’s darkest hour. Healthcare was in its darkest hour until Psychotropic medication was pioneered. In 1954 the medical community introduced an anti-psychotic drug called Thorazine for the treatment of the mentally ill. In a rapid almost trend like success; other psychotropic medications became available, making it possible to cut greatly the length of time patients stayed in mental institutions. This breakthrough led to a significant decline in asylum populations, and the gradual discontinuation of less humane treatments and procedures. Unfortunately In 1972, a federal court ruled that patients in mental health facilities could no longer work at these institutions without pay. The result of this ruling further changed the nature of the Mental Healthcare; the dairy farming had to go, as well as the upkeep of much of the grounds. The institutions didn’t have enough money to pay the patients for their contributions and also didn’t have sufficient money/funds or staffing to occupy patients with enough free time. The costs of housing patients increased dramatically, patients became bored and felt they lacked the purpose they once clung to, and consequently the need to de-institutionalize was more prevalent than ever. During the de-institutionalization process, three out of every four patients were released from the Athens Asylum. The relocating process was greatly aggravating and traumatic for the patients; patients were released to their families, nursing homes, and half- way houses. The homeless population soared, the mentally ill population representing nearly a third. The state pushed this process along by offering monetary rewards for decreasing the number of in-patients in asylums. Although healthcare is not as good as it should or can be, it has greatly changed for the better. People should be glad because if it were the same maybe they wouldn’t be reading this essay, maybe they would of found a reason to lock an individual away in an insane asylum and been done with them. There is some revision needed to healthcare but instead of just adding a complaint why don’t you do something to help make the change you want to see. Be the change you want to see in the world. Works Cited cracked. com. N. p. , n. d. google. com. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. http://www. cracked. com/funny-7539-insane-asylums/. ? Leupo, Kimberly. toddlertime. com. N. p. , n. d. google. com. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. http://www. toddlertime. com/advocacy/hospitals/Asylum/history-asylum. htm. nih. gov. A. D. A. M , 13 Feb. 2012. google. com. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001925/. Schizophrenia. com. N. p. , n. d. google. com. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. http://www. schizophrenia. com/history. htm. How to cite Mental Illness, Essay examples

Mental Illness Free Essays

The social construction of mental illness Key Words * Career: The gradual change in people as a response to a label e. g. mental patient. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Illness or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Learned Helplessness: learning how to be dependent. * Life-course model: suggests that the accumulation of social events experienced over a whole lifetime, not just individual important events, influence people and their mental state. * Presenting culture: a term used by Goffman to refer to how people like to portray themselves to others. * Schizophrenia: a form of mental illness where people are unable to distinguish their own feelings and perceptions from reality. Self-Fulfilling prophecy: predictions about the behaviour of social groups that come true as a result of positive or negative labelling. * Social Capital: refers to a network of social contacts. * Social constructionism: the approach which suggests that mental illness exists because people believe that it does. * Social realism: a sociological approach which suggests that mental illness does really exist. Summary Mental illness is the less fortunate twin to physical illness. The NHS is not funding enough support for me ntal health patients and the attention paid to it is minimal. Mental health is a major problem in society with one in seven people claiming to have had mental health problems at some point in their lives. Social Trends 2007 (Self and Zealey 2007) said that about one in six British people aged 16 to 74 reported experiencing a neurotic disorder in the seven days before a national survey on mental health. When looking at which group is most likely to suffer from high rates of mental illness, the poorest and most excluded are majorly overrepresented. Defining mental illness Social Realism: A general term used to describe the approaches of sociologists who accept that there are distinctive sets of abnormal behaviour that cause distress to individuals and those around them. * Pilgrim and Rogers (1999) accept that, at different times and in different cultures, there are variations in what is considered as mental illness. * Although mental illness may have different names and sometimes not be recognized, it does actually exist as a real condition. * Si milar to the bio-medical approach which believes that symptoms can be scientifically diagnosed and categorized. They see treatment as allopathic (cure orientated through the use of drugs, shock treatment and surgery etc. * They recommend that sufferers be isolated from wider society. Social constructionism: * Have been very influential in sociological approaches to mental illness and start from the argument that what is considered as normal varies over time and from society to society. * Greater extremes of behaviour have been seen as normal in some societies and symptoms of madness in others. Labelling perspective: Labelling theory examines how the labelling of mental illness occurs in the first place and what effects it has on those who are labelled. * Thomas Szasz (1973) argues that the label ‘mental illness’ is simply a convenient way to deal with behaviour that people find disruptive. He is particularly critical of psychiatrists for diagnosing children with ADHD and calling it a disease. He says that giving a child a drug for a mythical disease is a form of physical child abu se because the child has no say in the matter. Labelling theory therefore rests firmly upon a social constructionist definition of mental illness. The effects of labelling * Scheff (1966) said that whether someone becomes labelled or not is determined by the benefits those others might gain by labelling the person ‘mentally ill’. So, those who become a nuisance are far more likely to become diagnosed as mentally ill as someone who causes no problems. * Once labelled, there are a number of negative consequences for the person because it is then assumed that all their behaviour is evidence of their mental state. Erving Goffman (1961) followed the careers of people who were genuinely defined as being mentally ill. He suggested that once in an institution people are stripped of their presenting culture. Criticisms of the labelling perspective * Gove (1982) suggests that the vast majority of people who receive treatment for mental illness actually have serious problems befor e they are treated so the argument that the labels cause the problems is wrong. It may explain the responses of others to the mentally ill, but cannot explain the causes of the illness. Foucault’s perspective on mental illness: * He explains the growth in the concept of mental illness by placing it in the context if the changing ways of thinking and acting which developed in the early 18th century. * During the enlightenment more traditional ways of thinking were gradually replaced by more rational and disciplined ways of thinking. He argues that as rationality developed into the normal way of thinking, irrationality became to be perceived as deviant. * Having mad people in asylums isolated mad people away from the majority of the population. They symbolized the fact that madness or irrationality was marked out as behaviour that is no longer acceptable. Structuralist perspectives on mental illness: * Virde (1977) explained the fact that some ethnic minorities are more likely to develop mental health problems by arguing that the sorts of pressures and stresses that can cause people to develop mental illness are more often experienced by people in an ethnic minority. * Nazroo is critical of this approach. He points out that people of the Bangladeshi origin who are victims of racism have lower levels of mental illness than the general population. He concludes that mental illness cannot just be caused by racism and deprivation. * Brown et al (1995) explained that women are more likely to lead stressful lives because they have the dial burden and triple shift. * Labelling theorists (Chelser 1972), say that women are more likely to be seen as mentally ill because the defining of illness is mainly done by males. * Link and Phelan (1995) reviewed all the evidence and concluded that research pointed out a relationship between low levels of deprivation and mental illness. Social capital (Putnam 2000) argued that people who have extensive and strong levels of social networks are more likely to be ‘happier’ than those who don’t. Check Your Understanding: 1) The two sociological approaches to explaining mental illness are social realist and social constructionist. 2) Social realist bases itself on the idea that there are distinctive sets of abnormal behaviour that should be treated; they are very similar to the bio-medical approach. Social constructionist believes that definitions of mental illness can vary over time and in different cultures. 3) Labelling helps us understand that some people may live up to the label they have been given and can strip mental health patients of any self-dignity as they have no say in what happens to them as they have been given the label of someone who is mad. 4) A structural explanation is closely tied to the social realist definition of mental illness; they accept the reality of mental illness and set out to discover what social factors help cause them. ) Busfield says that it is true that some groups are more likely to find their behaviour defined as mental illness, compared to the behaviour of other groups however al of those groups experience higher levels of stress so mental illness would be higher. 6) They are more likely to show cultural characterises that are not seen as normal in a wider society. 7) They use the idea that women have more responsibilities than men and th at the defining of mental illness tends to be dominated by male health professionals. How to cite Mental Illness, Papers Mental Illness Free Essays Johnson KayLa English 100 M W 9:30-11:00 Mental Illness Essay November 19, 2012 November 26, 2012 Sane or Insane: Who’s to know? Everyone once in their life has either thought as themselves or another as crazy. In today’s day and age people find it fun to be called crazy, that was not the case in the past. People in our past who were demined â€Å"Insane† were sent away, hidden from society’s eyes and subjected to cruelty and unnecessary torture. We will write a custom essay sample on Mental Illness or any similar topic only for you Order Now America’s health system has changed dramatically for the good and also it recent cases for the bad for some people. Today healthcare is easy to come by but with so many faults it’s hard to know which ones are good and will do better by the person and their family’s health needs. There are many types of health care, that all offer different things. Have different coverage’s and pay for different things. Asking several different people what they think is wrong with America’s health care system Coming to a list of conclusions of our health system. When asked â€Å"How do you feel about the health care plan you have? † people generally answered its okay, better than none. A generally flat answers right? Well when asked â€Å"What do you think your plan can improve on? † they began to list things like pay for more test pay for more medication that’s needed and the most common answer was to allow them to pick their own doctors and not having to wait months for one appointment. As an eighteen year old college student there was no clue about healthcare and its faults and didn’t know it was so hard to get good healthcare. Also finding out that it may be hard now but it was not as nearly as hard as it was before in America. Treating public illness has long been a process of trial and error guided by public attitudes and medical theory (Kimberly Leupo). This quote makes so much sense because as a society were so concerned about what people will think we just want to get rid of the problem, even if it’s your son with autism or a daughter with down syndrome etc. There has always been those who’s suffered from mental illness, as far back as the Egyptian or even the second millennium before Christ. They were often killed or locked away and that had little change in our history. In early America the colonist refereed to those with mental illness ass â€Å"lunatics† all because they believed a person was crazy when they were born on the night of a full moon or sleeping under the light of a full moon, who’s crazy here? They declared these people possessed by the devil (no exaggerating on their behalf), and were removed and locked away from society. These lunatics were put under 1 of 2 labels which were: Mania and Melancholy. Mania was mental illness marked by periods of great excitement, euphoria, delusions and overactivity. Melancholy was a feeling of pensive sadness, typically with no obvious cause. They believed to cure an individual they had to catalyze crisis or expel crisis from the indiviual. For this they had several procedures including: 1. Submerging patients in ice baths until they lost consciousness 2. Executing a massive shock to the brain 3. Induced and forced vomiting 4. The notorious â€Å"bleeding† practice, The bleeding practice entailed draining the bad blood from the individual, unfortunately this inhumane practice normally resulted in death or the need for lifelong care; at best the odds were one in three that this procedure would actually lead to an improvement in the patient’s health(Kimberly Leupo). The colonial era’s methods of handling the mentally ill and medical procedures are considered arguably barbaric vs. todays means of the treatment of the mentally ill. In that time it worked fine because they were hidden from society’s harsh and judgmental eyes. Around the 19th century the Europeans showed us a new to treat the mentally ill called â€Å"Moral Management. † This was based on that the environment played a vital role in treatment of the mental ill. In this process you had to create a more domestic feel to the patients living conditions, thus, replacing shackles, chains and cement cells with the little things like pictures and a bed. Recover was more likely to occur if they felt more like they were at home. Treatment also went under construction Phrenology was introduced, studying the shape of the brain to explain illnesses and render diagnosis. Also since the patients were no longer restrained all day they became unruly and basically bored so they had to come up activates for them to do to occupy their time. A very important point in the history of how we treat our mentally ill was the civil war. After the Civil War in America a great number of servicemen suffered from postwar trauma; war wounds that were emotionally and mentally ingrained as opposed to physical injuries. These inflicted persons were passed on to state mental hospitals and asylums, where the public displayed much interest in their care and treatment. Although, the public eye watched very closely how their ‘war boys’ were treated, institutions had no choice but to reinstate old procedures due to the serious issue of overcrowding. Restraints and shock therapy were reintroduced, along with new drug treatments such as opium. With that came the need to find more room for mental ill, thus, Asylums began to open up across the country to give those people help. Thomas Story Kirkbride was the designer of asylums at the time, and became well- known for his popular architectural ideas. He took great care and thought in constructing asylums taking in consideration of the patients and workers who would be in the asylums. For example in 1874 â€Å"Athens Asylum for the Insane. † Was open for the public. It was the most attractive asylum in its day built to please the public’s eye but also to withstand the harshest conditions from within. The original 544- room construction had two staggered wings branching out from a central building. The building had an exit and entrance only from the center building and the design was ideal for cross- ventilation and patient control. The design called for the least disturbed patients to be placed closer to the center building to encourage interaction with the staff, and as the patients’ conditions worsened their placement would extend respectively throughout each wing toward the back of the structure. The establishment community housing farms, a dairy barn, greenhouses, a transportation system, graveyards, etc. the patients had much to do while being treated. With the increasing great news of the asylums their population grew in shocking numbers. However some people took advantage of this. It was common for homeless people, tramps and hobos to become ‘patients’ of the asylums seasonally for shelter and food, and then â€Å"elope,† or slip away when the good weather returned. Families would leave the elderly people at these places because of lack of time or resources to â€Å"deal† with them properly. The community found that these institutions were an easy means to remove unwanted people from society. As a result of asylums not having a mean of rejecting patients the people who were truly mentally ill and needed treatment suffered as a result. The now revised and human care of mental patient began to slip back to their old ways because of overcrowding. Now instead of single bedrooms to one’s self patients had to sleep in wooden crib like beds three stacked. Water baths and shock therapy had made an unjust comeback, and now the in the early 1930s the notorious lobotomy was introduced into American medical culture. The original lobotomy is a medical procedure where the neural passages from the front of the brain are surgically separated from those in the back of the brain, the most common result of this procedure was the patient would their depressing or discouraging feelings or tendencies. This was a very delicate and time consuming process it required great skill and training from great surgeons. In result of the great outcome of this great time was invested into this. Walter J. Freeman developed the trans- orbital lobotomy. The procedure was performed as follows: -To induce sedation, inflict two quick shocks to the head. -Roll back one of the patients’ eyelids. -Insert a device, 2/3 the size of a pencil, through the upper eyelid into the patients’ head. -Guided by the markings indicating depth, tap the device with a hammer into the patients’ head/ frontal lobe. -After the appropriate depth is achieved, manipulate the device back and forth in a swiping motion within the patient’s head. This was a much faster and efficient way. In a local newspaper, on November 20, 1953, the headline read â€Å"Lobotomies are performed on 31 Athens State Hospital Patients,† and the article boasted that nearly 25 of those who received surgery would be able to go home with their relatives Sunday. Soon this began to stir up controversy and harsh criticism due to the larger number of deaths and complications. It was soon referred to as â€Å"psychic mercy killing† and â€Å"euthanasia of the mind. † This was by far and no doubt mental health care’s darkest hour. Healthcare was in its darkest hour until Psychotropic medication was pioneered. In 1954 the medical community introduced an anti-psychotic drug called Thorazine for the treatment of the mentally ill. In a rapid almost trend like success; other psychotropic medications became available, making it possible to cut greatly the length of time patients stayed in mental institutions. This breakthrough led to a significant decline in asylum populations, and the gradual discontinuation of less humane treatments and procedures. Unfortunately In 1972, a federal court ruled that patients in mental health facilities could no longer work at these institutions without pay. The result of this ruling further changed the nature of the Mental Healthcare; the dairy farming had to go, as well as the upkeep of much of the grounds. The institutions didn’t have enough money to pay the patients for their contributions and also didn’t have sufficient money/funds or staffing to occupy patients with enough free time. The costs of housing patients increased dramatically, patients became bored and felt they lacked the purpose they once clung to, and consequently the need to de-institutionalize was more prevalent than ever. During the de-institutionalization process, three out of every four patients were released from the Athens Asylum. The relocating process was greatly aggravating and traumatic for the patients; patients were released to their families, nursing homes, and half- way houses. The homeless population soared, the mentally ill population representing nearly a third. The state pushed this process along by offering monetary rewards for decreasing the number of in-patients in asylums. Although healthcare is not as good as it should or can be, it has greatly changed for the better. People should be glad because if it were the same maybe they wouldn’t be reading this essay, maybe they would of found a reason to lock an individual away in an insane asylum and been done with them. There is some revision needed to healthcare but instead of just adding a complaint why don’t you do something to help make the change you want to see. Be the change you want to see in the world. Works Cited cracked. com. N. p. , n. d. google. com. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. http://www. cracked. com/funny-7539-insane-asylums/. ? Leupo, Kimberly. toddlertime. com. N. p. , n. d. google. com. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. http://www. toddlertime. com/advocacy/hospitals/Asylum/history-asylum. htm. nih. gov. A. D. A. M , 13 Feb. 2012. google. com. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001925/. Schizophrenia. com. N. p. , n. d. google. com. Web. 15 Nov. 2012. http://www. schizophrenia. com/history. htm. How to cite Mental Illness, Essay examples